Key Ideas & Details
Finding what the passage says: main idea, details, sequence and cause and effect.

What it tests
Key Ideas & Details questions ask what the passage actually says: the main idea, specific details, the order of events, causes and effects, and what you can reasonably infer. The answer is always supported by the text — your job is to find the proof, not to guess.
How it shows up
- The Reading test is 36 questions in 40 minutes. You get four passages (literary narrative, social science, humanities and natural science), one of which is a pair of shorter passages. That’s about 10 minutes per passage, questions included.
- Key Ideas & Details is the biggest Reading category — more than half of the questions.
- Look for stems like “According to the passage…”, “The main idea of the passage is…”, “It can reasonably be inferred that…”, and “The passage indicates that X happened because…”.
Key rules & concepts
The content you actually need to know.
Main idea
- The main idea covers the whole passage (or the whole paragraph asked about) — not one detail.
- Test a choice: does it fit the beginning, the middle AND the end? If it only fits one paragraph, it’s too narrow.
- A choice that is too broad (“the history of all desert animals”) is also wrong.
Details
- “According to the passage” means the answer is stated directly. Go back and find it.
- The right answer usually paraphrases the passage — same meaning, different words.
Inferences
- “Suggests,” “implies,” “most reasonably inferred” = one small, safe step beyond the text.
- A good inference must be supported by specific words in the passage. “Could be true” isn’t enough.
Sequence and cause–effect
- Narratives often jump in time. Watch for flashbacks, tense changes and time words (earlier, by then, that afternoon).
- Cause–effect signal words: because, since, so, as a result, led to, due to, therefore.
Strategy & traps
Step by step
- 1Skim the passage in about 3 minutes. After each paragraph, jot a 3–5 word label.
- 2Read the question and, if you can, predict the answer in your own words.
- 3Go back to the passage and find the sentence that proves it.
- 4Eliminate choices that are extreme, not mentioned, the opposite, or true but not what the question asked.
- 5Pick the choice you can point to in the text.
Extreme words
Always, never, completely, only — the passage rarely supports something that strong.
Right words, wrong meaning
A choice can reuse phrases from the passage but twist what they said.
Outside knowledge
An answer that’s true in real life but not in the passage is wrong.

Worked examples
Try each one first, then reveal the solution.
Natural Science: The Rat That Never Drinks
1Most animals would not last a week in the Sonoran Desert without a drink. The kangaroo rat, a small hopping rodent, may go its entire life without one. Its secret is not a hidden spring but a set of habits and body features that save nearly every drop.
2First, the kangaroo rat eats mostly dry seeds. As its body breaks down the seeds for energy, chemical reactions release water, and this “metabolic water” supplies most of what the animal needs. Second, its kidneys are remarkably efficient, producing urine far more concentrated than a human’s, so very little water is lost as waste.
3Behavior matters as much as biology. During the scorching day, the kangaroo rat stays in a sealed burrow where the air is cooler and more humid. It forages at night, after the desert has cooled. Even its breathing helps: its long nasal passages cool the air it breathes out, so some of the moisture condenses inside its nose instead of escaping.
4None of these features alone would be enough. Together, they allow an animal to thrive in a place where water seems to be the one thing it cannot find.
Example 1
The main idea of the passage is that the kangaroo rat:
- Asurvives without drinking water through a combination of body features and behaviors.
- Bfinds hidden sources of water in the desert at night.
- Chas more efficient kidneys than any other animal.
- Dis more active during the day than most desert animals.
Example 2
According to the passage, metabolic water is produced when:
- Athe kangaroo rat breathes out through its nose.
- Bmoisture condenses on the walls of the burrow.
- Cthe kangaroo rat’s kidneys filter waste.
- Dthe kangaroo rat’s body breaks down seeds for energy.
Example 3
Based on paragraph 3, the kangaroo rat stays in its burrow during the day mainly because:
- Aseeds are easier to find in the dark.
- Bthe burrow’s air is cooler and more humid than the desert surface.
- Cpredators hunt only during the day.
- Dit needs to sleep longer than other rodents.
Practice
Pick an answer for instant feedback. Answers lock once chosen.
Literary Narrative: The Clock by the Window
1The bell over the door of Castillo Watch Repair had not rung all morning, and Lena was beginning to think it never would. She had agreed to mind the shop while her grandfather went to the doctor, and he had left her with one instruction: “If someone brings in a watch, write down the name and tell them Thursday.”
2For two hours she sorted springs into a tray of tiny compartments and listened to the ticking of forty clocks that did not agree about the time. Her grandfather claimed he could tell which clock was fast just by listening. Lena had always assumed he was joking.
3At eleven-fifteen, the bell finally rang. A man in a gray raincoat set a pocket watch on the counter as if it might break further just from being touched. “It belonged to my father,” he said. “It stopped the day of his funeral. I know that’s only a coincidence.” He did not sound as if he knew that at all.
4Lena reached for the order pad, then stopped. She had watched her grandfather open hundreds of watches. She knew where the tiny screwdriver lived and how to lift the back of a case without scratching it. Inside, she saw at once what was wrong: a spring as thin as a hair had slipped off its post.
5She could have written “Thursday.” Instead, she held her breath, eased the spring back into place with the tip of a needle, and closed the case. The watch began to tick.
6The man stared at it for a long moment. “Your grandfather taught you well,” he said.
7When her grandfather returned that afternoon, Lena told him everything, expecting a lecture. He only listened to the clocks for a while and then said, “The one by the window is two minutes fast. Fix that, too.”
Question 1
Which choice best summarizes the passage?
Question 2
According to the passage, the instruction Lena’s grandfather left her was to:
Question 3
It can reasonably be inferred that the man in the gray raincoat:
Question 4
According to paragraph 4, the problem inside the watch was that:
Question 5
The grandfather’s final comment about the clock by the window most strongly suggests that he: